{"id":6203,"date":"2022-04-30T10:56:50","date_gmt":"2022-04-30T08:56:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/?p=6203"},"modified":"2022-04-30T10:56:52","modified_gmt":"2022-04-30T08:56:52","slug":"tricet-sest-let-od-cernobylske-havarie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/?p=6203","title":{"rendered":"T\u0159icet \u0161est let od \u010dernobylsk\u00e9 hav\u00e1rie\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Hav\u00e1rie jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny v\u00a0ukrajinsk\u00e9m \u010cernobylu je jednou z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch katastrof nejen v\u00a0modern\u00ed historii. Dopad m\u011bla nejen na pracovn\u00edky elektr\u00e1rny, z\u00e1chran\u00e1\u0159e a obyvatele okol\u00ed, ale i\u00a0na to, jak mnoho lid\u00ed\u00a0vid\u00ed jadernou energetiku dodnes.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektr\u00e1rna se nach\u00e1z\u00ed pobl\u00ed\u017e m\u011bsta \u010cernobyl a \u0159eky Pripja\u0165 na severn\u00ed Ukrajin\u011b. S jej\u00ed v\u00fdstavbou se za\u010dalo v roce 1970, na\u010de\u017e o sedm let pozd\u011bji byla slavnostn\u011b zprovozn\u011bna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u00fanora 1970, tedy ve stejn\u00fd rok, kdy za\u010dala v\u00fdstavba samotn\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny, se v\u00a0bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed bl\u00edzkosti\u00a0za\u010dalo s\u00a0budov\u00e1n\u00edm\u00a0m\u011bsta Pripja\u0165. To bylo od za\u010d\u00e1tku zam\u00fd\u0161len\u00e9 jako s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b pro pracovn\u00edky elektr\u00e1rny a jejich rodiny. P\u0159i posledn\u00edm s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed (v roce 1986) v\u00a0Pripjati \u017eilo p\u0159es 47 tis\u00edc obyvatel. V\u011bt\u0161inu tvo\u0159ili techni\u010dt\u00ed in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i a jadern\u00ed v\u011bdci, a kv\u016fli jejich n\u00edzk\u00e9mu v\u011bku se Pripjati p\u0159ezd\u00edvalo \u201em\u011bsto mlad\u00fdch\u201c \u2013 v\u011bkov\u00fd pr\u016fm\u011br nedosahoval ani 30 let.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Elektr\u00e1rna byla zpo\u010d\u00e1tku stav\u011bna pro \u010dty\u0159i reaktory typu RBMK. Ty byly postupn\u011b spou\u0161t\u011bny v letech\u00a01977, 1978, 1981 a 1983. V\u00a080. letech za\u010dala v\u00fdstavba p\u00e1t\u00e9ho a \u0161est\u00e9ho reaktoru, kter\u00e9 ale nebyly dokon\u010deny. Dohromady vyr\u00e1b\u011bla deset procent ukrajinsk\u00e9 v\u00fdroby elektrick\u00e9 energie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pl\u00e1novan\u00fd experiment<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kv\u016fli pravideln\u00e9 \u00fadr\u017eb\u011b bylo na 25. dubna 1986 napl\u00e1novan\u00e9 odstaven\u00ed \u010dtvrt\u00e9ho reaktoru. Tohoto odstaven\u00ed se vyu\u017eilo pro zkou\u0161ku, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla ov\u011b\u0159it, zda by hlavn\u00ed cirkula\u010dn\u00ed \u010derpadla zvl\u00e1dla d\u00e1l chladit reaktor, pokud by do\u0161lo k v\u00fdpadku elekt\u0159iny. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost experimentu bylo rozhodnuto o sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdkonu reaktoru. Sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed za\u010dalo 25. dubna hodinu po p\u016flnoci. Po poledni u\u017e reaktor b\u011b\u017eel jen na polovi\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdkon, na\u010de\u017e byl odpojen syst\u00e9m havarijn\u00edho chlazen\u00ed. N\u00e1sledn\u011b byl experiment na \u017e\u00e1dost dispe\u010dinku na dev\u011bt hodin pozastaven. V dob\u011b pozastaven\u00ed se vyst\u0159\u00eddala sm\u011bna \u2013 zde nast\u00e1v\u00e1 prvn\u00ed probl\u00e9m. Nov\u011b p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed pracovn\u00edci toti\u017e nebyli s pr\u016fb\u011bhem experimentu dostate\u010dn\u011b sezn\u00e1meni.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I kv\u016fli tomu se chv\u00edli p\u0159ed p\u016flnoc\u00ed znovu zah\u00e1jilo sni\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdkonu reaktoru. V\u00a0tu chv\u00edli do\u0161lo k\u00a0dal\u0161\u00edmu pochyben\u00ed, v\u00fdkon byl sn\u00ed\u017een na kriticky n\u00edzkou hodnotu,\u00a0\u010d\u00edm\u017e se sn\u00ed\u017eila reaktivita,\u00a0co\u017e vyvolalo jev zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako \u201exenonov\u00e1 otrava reaktoru\u201c. P\u0159i jadern\u00e9m \u0161t\u011bpen\u00ed v\u00a0reaktoru vznikal\u00a0xenon, kter\u00fd se p\u0159i vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdkonu d\u00e1l rozpadal na leh\u010d\u00ed atomy. Kv\u016fli drastick\u00e9mu sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed v\u00fdkonu ale vzrostla koncentrace xenonu na takovou hodnotu, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 m\u011blo doj\u00edt k\u00a0pozastaven\u00ed jak\u00e9koliv \u010dinnosti reaktoru, dokud se xenonov\u00e1 j\u00e1dra nep\u0159em\u011bn\u00ed samovoln\u011b. Obsluha se tuto situaci sna\u017eila zvr\u00e1tit t\u00edm, \u017ee znovu zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon, a proto se rozhodla\u00a0vysunout regula\u010dn\u00ed ty\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kv\u016fli velk\u00e9mu mno\u017estv\u00ed xenonu byly ty\u010de vysunuty v\u00edce, ne\u017e by bylo p\u0159i oby\u010dejn\u00e9m provozu p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9. Bezpe\u010dnost cel\u00e9ho reaktoru nav\u00edc ohro\u017eovala vodn\u00ed \u010derpadla, kter\u00e1 byla jako sou\u010d\u00e1st experimentu zapnuta na pln\u00fd v\u00fdkon. To \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd p\u0159edpis nezakazoval a jeliko\u017e voda tak\u00e9 pohlcuje neutrony, rozhodli se pracovn\u00edci vysunout i manu\u00e1ln\u011b ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9 regula\u010dn\u00ed ty\u010de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nestabiln\u00ed stav reaktoru se neprojevoval na kontroln\u00edm panelu, a tak se kolem p\u016fl druh\u00e9 v noci za\u010dalo se samotn\u00fdm experimentem. Reaktory typu RBMK jsou navr\u017eeny tak, \u017ee v\u00fdkon p\u0159i p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b vody na p\u00e1ru prudce stoup\u00e1 a reaktor se st\u00e1v\u00e1 nestabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. P\u0159i experimentu se sn\u00ed\u017eila rychlost proud\u011bn\u00ed chlad\u00edc\u00ed vody, kter\u00e1 se tak za\u010dala m\u011bnit na p\u00e1ru ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm mno\u017estv\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e tlak v aktivn\u00ed z\u00f3n\u011b reaktoru rostl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ani ne o minutu pozd\u011bji u\u017e oper\u00e1to\u0159i stiskli tla\u010d\u00edtko AZ-5, kter\u00e9 automaticky zasune v\u0161echny regula\u010dn\u00ed ty\u010de pro rychl\u00e9 odstaven\u00ed reaktoru. Dodnes nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, jestli tento krok reagoval na d\u011bn\u00ed v\u00a0reaktoru, nebo jestli byl p\u0159i experimentu a rutinn\u00ed \u00fadr\u017eb\u011b v\u00a0pl\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hav\u00e1rie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Regula\u010dn\u00ed ty\u010de se zasouvaly p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 pomalu. S\u00a0rychlej\u0161\u00ed reakc\u00ed stoupala i teplota v\u00a0reaktoru. Teplo b\u011bhem p\u00e1r sekund zdeformovalo \u0161achty regula\u010dn\u00edch ty\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se stihly zasunout jen do jedn\u00e9 t\u0159etiny. Sedm sekund po zm\u00e1\u010dknut\u00ed nouzov\u00e9ho tla\u010d\u00edtka u\u017e byl v\u00fdkon desetin\u00e1soben\u00fd v\u00fdkonu za norm\u00e1ln\u00edho provozn\u00edho stavu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kv\u016fli p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00e9 teplot\u011b se znovu zv\u00fd\u0161ila rychlost vypa\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed chlad\u00edc\u00ed vody. P\u00e1ra zp\u016fsobila explozi, p\u0159i kter\u00e9 protrhala chlad\u00edc\u00ed potrub\u00ed a odhodila v\u00edko reaktoru (jeho\u017e hmotnost byla p\u0159es 1000 tun).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po n\u011bkolika sekund\u00e1ch do\u0161lo k druh\u00e9mu v\u00fdbuchu, jeho\u017e p\u0159esn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina nebyla objasn\u011bna. Jeho s\u00edla se odhaduje na ekvivalent 10 tun TNT. Zni\u010dena byla horn\u00ed patra a st\u0159echa cel\u00e9 haly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bt\u0161\u00edm\u00a0probl\u00e9mem\u00a0ne\u017e samotn\u00fd v\u00fdbuch\u00a0se uk\u00e1zal b\u00fdt po\u017e\u00e1r, kter\u00fd vypukl na st\u0159e\u0161e elektr\u00e1rny. Ta byla cel\u00e1 pokryt\u00e1 ho\u0159lav\u00fdm asfaltem. Kv\u016fli ohni se radioaktivn\u00ed materi\u00e1l v\u00edce rozpt\u00fdlil a kontaminoval okol\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny. Aby se zabr\u00e1nilo roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed po\u017e\u00e1ru na dal\u0161\u00ed reaktory, byly ob\u011btov\u00e1ny \u017eivoty mnoha hasi\u010d\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed na m\u00edst\u011b zasahovali \u2013 dostali p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysokou d\u00e1vku radiace.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reakce zam\u011bstnanc\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0158e\u0161en\u00ed hav\u00e1rie bylo velmi zkomplikov\u00e1no chybn\u00fdmi \u00favahami vedouc\u00edch pracovn\u00edk\u016f a nedostate\u010dn\u00fdm vybaven\u00edm. Dostupn\u00e9 dozimetry m\u011bly velmi n\u00edzk\u00fd limit (3,6 R\/h). Jen dva m\u011bly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozsah, jeden byl ale zablokov\u00e1n v\u00fdbuchem, zat\u00edmco druh\u00fd selhal ihned po zapnut\u00ed. Kv\u016fli tomu veden\u00ed usoudilo, \u017ee se\u00a0intenzita radiace\u00a0pohybuje jen kolem\u00a05 R\/h, co\u017e je n\u00edzko pod legislativn\u00edm maximem. Ve skute\u010dnosti ale hodnota p\u0159ekra\u010dovala i 20\u00a0000 R\/h, co\u017e mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b p\u0159ekra\u010duje smrtelnou d\u00e1vku 500 R\/h.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00edky n\u00edzk\u00fdm \u201enam\u011b\u0159en\u00fdm\u201c hodnot\u00e1m bylo p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1no, \u017ee reaktor z\u016fstal bez poru\u0161en\u00ed. Velitel sm\u011bny Alexandr\u00a0Akimov se rozhodl nebrat na v\u011bdom\u00ed cokoliv, co by nazna\u010dovalo jeho poru\u0161en\u00ed jako nap\u0159. kousky grafitu a paliva v\u00a0okol\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny. Zam\u011bstnanci tedy z\u016fstali v\u00a0elektr\u00e1rn\u011b a sna\u017eili se do reaktoru \u010derpat vodu. Naprost\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina z\u00a0nich zem\u0159ela na nemoc z\u00a0oz\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed do t\u0159\u00ed t\u00fddn\u016f od hav\u00e1rie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stejn\u00fd neblah\u00fd osud \u010dekal i mnoho hasi\u010d\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed byli povol\u00e1ni na m\u00edsto hav\u00e1rie. V dob\u011b p\u0159\u00edjezdu vl\u00e1dn\u00edho komisa\u0159e, kter\u00fd m\u011bl za \u00fakol vy\u0161et\u0159ovat hav\u00e1rii elektr\u00e1rny, tedy 26. dubna r\u00e1no u\u017e bylo n\u011bkolik mrtv\u00fdch a v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 hospitalizovan\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A\u017e ten den v\u00a0noci komisa\u0159 ozn\u00e1mil zni\u010den\u00ed reaktoru a dal pokyn k\u00a0evakuaci Pripjati. Dva dny po hav\u00e1rii, 28. dubna, informovala o hav\u00e1rii i sov\u011btsk\u00e1 m\u00e9dia, ov\u0161em rozsah po\u0161kozen\u00ed ani\u00a0n\u00e1sledk\u016f\u00a0nikde nezm\u00ednila. Je\u0161t\u011b druh\u00e9ho kv\u011btna bylo v\u00a0pl\u00e1nu uv\u00e9st do chodu p\u00e1t\u00fd blok.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed d\u016fkazy o \u010dernobylsk\u00e9 hav\u00e1rii poskytlo \u0160v\u00e9dsko, zat\u00edmco Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz zaryt\u011b ml\u010del. Pracovn\u00edci\u00a0Forsmansk\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny na\u0161li na sv\u00e9m oble\u010den\u00ed radioaktivn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1stice a po pe\u010dliv\u00e9m p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed zjistili, \u017ee nepoch\u00e1z\u00ed ze \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny, ale z\u00a0v\u00edce ne\u017e 1\u00a0000 km vzd\u00e1len\u00e9ho \u010cernobylu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radioaktivn\u00ed materi\u00e1l unikaj\u00edc\u00ed do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed byl zastaven a\u017e po dev\u00edti dnech, kdy se rozhodlo o zape\u010det\u011bn\u00ed reaktoru. Bylo na n\u011bj svr\u017eeno na 2 400 tun olova, 800 tun dolomitu a dal\u0161\u00edch l\u00e1tek. V\u00a0listopadu 1986 byl dokon\u010den \u017eelezobetonov\u00fd kryt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ob\u011bti<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina (odhad 60 %) radioaktivn\u00edho spadu skon\u010dila v B\u011blorusku. Studie MAAE, kter\u00e1 se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 populac\u00ed B\u011bloruska, Ruska a Ukrajiny, odhaduje po\u010det lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed zem\u0159eli a zem\u0159ou na rakovinu zp\u016fsobenou \u010dernobylskou hav\u00e1ri\u00ed na 10 000. Jin\u00e9 studie mluv\u00ed o \u010d\u00edslech mezi 30 a 60 000, a p\u0159esto\u017ee ty berou v potaz i nesov\u011btsk\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed, obecn\u011b jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1na za nadhodnocen\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech se objevily asi 4 000 p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f rakoviny \u0161t\u00edtn\u00e9 \u017el\u00e1zy u d\u011bt\u00ed z \u010dernobylsk\u00e9 oblasti, ty se ale z v\u011bt\u0161iny poda\u0159ilo \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b vyl\u00e9\u010dit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mezi ob\u011bti t\u00e9to hav\u00e1rie mus\u00edme zahrnout i obyvatele, kte\u0159\u00ed byli evakuov\u00e1ni nebo p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bni. Celkem jich je na 350 000. Mnoz\u00ed z nich se do sv\u00fdch domov\u016f st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b nemohou vr\u00e1tit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konec \u010cernobylu<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed odstaven\u00ed elektr\u00e1rny prob\u011bhlo a\u017e v listopadu 2000. Zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed t\u0159i reaktory byly ponech\u00e1ny v provozu kv\u016fli nedostatku elekt\u0159iny. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010cernobylsk\u00e9 hav\u00e1rii se v\u011bnuje n\u011bkolik\u00a0dokument\u00e1rn\u00edch film\u016f, byly nato\u010deny i celove\u010dern\u00ed dramatick\u00e9 sn\u00edmky a seri\u00e1ly. Kritiky a odborn\u00edky uzn\u00e1van\u00e1 je p\u011btid\u00edln\u00e1 minis\u00e9rie\u00a0\u010cernobyl\u00a0<\/em>z\u00a0roku 2019.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fotografie od u\u017eivatele\u00a0Wendelin Jacober<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0ze slu\u017eby\u00a0Pexels<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hav\u00e1rie jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny v\u00a0ukrajinsk\u00e9m \u010cernobylu je jednou z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch katastrof nejen v\u00a0modern\u00ed historii. Dopad m\u011bla nejen na pracovn\u00edky elektr\u00e1rny, z\u00e1chran\u00e1\u0159e a obyvatele okol\u00ed, ale i\u00a0na to, jak mnoho lid\u00ed\u00a0vid\u00ed jadernou […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":6204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[49,51,46],"tags":[8],"class_list":["post-6203","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekologie","category-spolecnost","category-studentske-zpravodajstvi","tag-rodic-zak"],"acf":[],"gutentor_comment":0,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6203","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6203"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6203\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6205,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6203\/revisions\/6205"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6204"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6203"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6203"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6203"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}