{"id":3263,"date":"2021-10-13T09:08:15","date_gmt":"2021-10-13T07:08:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions.uvirt120.active24.cz\/?p=3263"},"modified":"2021-10-14T21:59:27","modified_gmt":"2021-10-14T19:59:27","slug":"zaci-s-odlisnym-materskym-jazykem-casto-zcela-vypadli-z-online-vyuky-pomoci-jim-maji-doucovaci-programy-rika-eva-leheckova","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/?p=3263","title":{"rendered":"\u017d\u00e1ci s odli\u0161n\u00fdm mate\u0159sk\u00fdm jazykem \u010dasto zcela vypadli z online v\u00fduky, pomoci jim maj\u00ed dou\u010dovac\u00ed programy, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Eva Lehe\u010dkov\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Jedn\u00edm z t\u00e9mat, kter\u00e9 rezonovalo v r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9ho dne jazyk\u016f v Kampusu Hybernsk\u00e1, byla i v\u00fduka \u017e\u00e1k\u016f s odli\u0161n\u00fdm mate\u0159sk\u00fdm jazykem (OMJ). Tito \u017e\u00e1ci mnohdy p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed do \u0161kol s velmi malou znalost\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho jazyka, s vylep\u0161en\u00edm jeho znalosti jim bohu\u017eel nemohou pomoci ani rodi\u010de, kte\u0159\u00ed jej \u010dasto neovl\u00e1daj\u00ed v\u016fbec nebo jen velmi m\u00e1lo. V Praze proto n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u0161koly, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b v Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161kole Marj\u00e1nka v Praze 6 a na Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed a mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161kole Ly\u010dkovo n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed v Praze 8, realizuj\u00ed v\u00fduku v intenzivn\u00edch kurzech, na kter\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto p\u0159isp\u011blo \u010d\u00e1stkou 700 milion\u016f korun. Evropsk\u00fd den jazyk\u016f v Kampusu Hybernsk\u00e1 organizuje platforma Library of Languages neboli Knihovna \u0159e\u010d\u00ed Filozofick\u00e9 fakulty Univerzity Karlovy, jej\u00ed\u017e koordin\u00e1torkou je Eva Lehe\u010dkov\u00e1. Ta se t\u00e9matem vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k\u016f s odli\u0161n\u00fdm jazykem zab\u00fdv\u00e1 tak\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci p\u016fsoben\u00ed v \u00dastavu \u010desk\u00e9ho jazyka a teorie komunikace na Filozofick\u00e9 fakult\u011b Univerzity Karlovy.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Eva Lehe\u010dkov\u00e1<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Na fakult\u011b se tomuto t\u00e9matu v\u011bnujete intenzivn\u011b. Pop\u00ed\u0161ete n\u00e1m, jak konkr\u00e9tn\u011b?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ano, my na Filozofick\u00e9 fakult\u011b m\u00e1me jeden studijn\u00ed obor a jednu v\u00fdzkumnou skupinu, kter\u00e1 se v\u011bnuje \u010de\u0161tin\u011b jako druh\u00e9mu a ciz\u00edmu jazyku a \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm s odli\u0161n\u00fdm mate\u0159sk\u00fdm jazykem v \u010desk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch a sleduje v\u00fdvoj v\u00fdzkumu v zahrani\u010d\u00ed a p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161\u00ed ho do \u010desk\u00e9 praxe. Z toho d\u016fvodu jsme nav\u00e1zali spolupr\u00e1ci s Magistr\u00e1tem hlavn\u00edho m\u011bsta Prahy, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b s Marianou \u010capkovou, abychom si navz\u00e1jem pom\u00e1hali toto t\u00e9ma v\u00edce dost\u00e1vat do pov\u011bdom\u00ed a nabyt\u00e9 poznatky p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli do \u0161kol z\u0159izovan\u00fdch magistr\u00e1tem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podle magistr\u00e1tu by ide\u00e1ln\u00ed stav byl, kdyby v ka\u017ed\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti byla jedna \u0161kola, zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 na v\u00fduku pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u011bt\u00ed s odli\u0161n\u00fdm mate\u0159sk\u00fdm jazykem. Bylo by vhodn\u00e9 v tomto podpo\u0159it i mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To je naprosto z\u00e1sadn\u00ed. I v mate\u0159sk\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch vznikaj\u00ed skupiny d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 z hlediska mate\u0159sk\u00e9ho jazyka jsou heterogenn\u00ed. V\u00fdzkumy nav\u00edc ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee jedn\u00edm z rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edch faktor\u016f pro \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou integraci je pr\u00e1v\u011b v\u011bk, ve kter\u00e9m d\u00edt\u011b do jinojazy\u010dn\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed. Pokud tyto d\u011bti nav\u0161t\u011bvuj\u00ed soukrom\u00e9 mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly, mohou na tom b\u00fdt v n\u011bkter\u00fdch ohledech l\u00e9pe, proto\u017ee jsou to \u010dasto d\u011bti cizinc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed zde pob\u00fdvaj\u00ed na n\u011bjak\u00e9m diplomatick\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b, vyhled\u00e1vaj\u00ed pro svoje d\u011bti soukrom\u00e9 z\u0159izovatele a ti jsou mo\u017en\u00e1 v n\u011bjak\u00e9m ohledu metodick\u00e9 podpory d\u00e1l. Ale na druhou stranu zde m\u00e1me v\u00fdborn\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u0161koly, na kter\u00fdch z\u00e1rove\u0148 maj\u00ed i mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly, kde jsou specializov\u00e1ni pr\u00e1v\u011b na v\u00fduku d\u011bt\u00ed s OMJ, a tam ta metodick\u00e1 podpora t\u011bchto d\u011bt\u00ed za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 u\u017e v  ran\u00e9m v\u011bku, kdy je to nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, a u\u017e na \u00farovni mate\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0161koly se s t\u011bmito d\u011btmi da\u0159\u00ed u\u010ditel\u016fm efektivn\u011b pracovat. Cht\u011bla jsem v\u0161ak je\u0161t\u011b podotknout, \u017ee by bylo dobr\u00e9, i p\u0159es pl\u00e1novanou podporu jedn\u00e9 \u0161koly specializovan\u00e9 na p\u00e9\u010di o \u017e\u00e1ky s OMJ v ka\u017ed\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, podporovat p\u0159\u00edtomnost cizinc\u016f i v jin\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch v dan\u00e9 m\u011bstsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti, aby nevznikaly \u0161koly s p\u0159evahou cizinc\u016f, co\u017e by bylo kontraproduktivn\u00ed z hlediska za\u010dle\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto \u017e\u00e1k\u016f do na\u0161eho jazykov\u00e9ho a kulturn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u2013 p\u0159ed t\u00edm pr\u00e1v\u011b zase varuj\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy z prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kde p\u016fvodn\u011b \u0161li touto cestou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak se d\u00e1 d\u011btem pomoci s adaptac\u00ed na nov\u00fd jazyk?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To se hodn\u011b odv\u00edj\u00ed od toho, v jak\u00e9m v\u011bku s jazykem d\u011bti za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed a s jakou znalost\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k do \u0161koly p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed. Adaptace nen\u00ed jenom komunika\u010dn\u00ed, ale \u010dasto tak\u00e9 interkulturn\u00ed. Tak\u017ee v moment\u011b, kdy p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b u\u017e s n\u011bjakou \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dnou znalost\u00ed jazyka a tak\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, je ta adaptace mnohem snaz\u0161\u00ed, takov\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b se m\u016f\u017ee soust\u0159edit na roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed slovn\u00ed z\u00e1soby nebo pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00ed znalosti, jako jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad specifika psan\u00e9ho projevu, a je to ta jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed varianta. D\u00edt\u011b si vysta\u010d\u00ed s dou\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm \u010de\u0161tiny a prob\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch jev\u016f. Ale potom samoz\u0159ejm\u011b existuj\u00ed ty slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy p\u0159ijde d\u00edt\u011b kulturn\u011b neadaptovan\u00e9 a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jazykov\u011b nevybaven\u00e9 s \u010dasto nulovou nebo minim\u00e1ln\u00ed znalost\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho jazyka. Tam je potom nejefektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed cestou zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed v\u00fduka \u010de\u0161tiny jako druh\u00e9ho jazyka a pak tak\u00e9 asistent ve v\u00fduce pro \u017e\u00e1ky s odli\u0161n\u00fdm mate\u0159sk\u00fdm jazykem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je takov\u00fdch asistent\u016f dostatek?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, z jak\u00e9ho hlediska se na to d\u00edv\u00e1me. Existuj\u00ed absolventi bakal\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch nebo magistersk\u00fdch obor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed pot\u0159ebnou aprobaci, v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice pro tyto \u00fa\u010dely existuj\u00ed dva studijn\u00ed obory u\u010ditelstv\u00ed \u010de\u0161tiny jako ciz\u00edho, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b druh\u00e9ho jazyka, pr\u00e1v\u011b u n\u00e1s na Filozofick\u00e9 fakult\u011b UK je takov\u00fd program k dispozici od roku 2010. I to je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d na tuhle problematiku m\u00e1me rozvinutou v\u00fdzkumnou \u010d\u00e1st, na\u0161i absolventi pracuj\u00ed v neziskov\u00fdch organizac\u00edch jako nap\u0159\u00edklad META, kter\u00e9 se specializuj\u00ed na podporu \u017e\u00e1k\u016f s OMJ. \u0158ekla bych, \u017ee na po\u010det mo\u017en\u00fdch asistent\u016f je specialist\u016f dostatek, probl\u00e9m je v\u0161ak jinde, a to v infrastruktu\u0159e a podpo\u0159e metodik\u016f pro \u017e\u00e1ky s OMJ. A tak\u00e9 v nedostate\u010dn\u00e9m uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee tyto asistenty ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch pot\u0159ebujeme.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak moc zas\u00e1hla pandemie koronaviru a s n\u00ed spojen\u00e9 uzav\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kol d\u011bti s odli\u0161n\u00fdm mate\u0159sk\u00fdm jazykem?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Probl\u00e9my vyvolan\u00e9 pandemi\u00ed jsou jedn\u00edm z d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d jsme v r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9ho dne jazyk\u016f po\u0159\u00e1dali diskuzn\u00ed f\u00f3rum a otev\u0159enou diskuzi odborn\u00edk\u016f, kde pr\u00e1v\u011b \u0159editel\u00e9 \u0161kol nebo odborn\u00edci z ministerstva \u0161kolstv\u00ed mohou ve\u0159ejn\u011b formulovat, v \u010dem oni sami vid\u00ed dopad pandemie na vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k\u016f s odli\u0161n\u00fdm mate\u0159sk\u00fdm jazykem jako nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. \u010ceho my jsme si v\u0161imli z na\u0161\u00ed praxe a v r\u00e1mci interakce s na\u0161imi absolventy, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00ed v tomto oboru, byly probl\u00e9my nap\u0159\u00edklad toho r\u00e1zu, \u017ee i na \u0161kol\u00e1ch, kde maj\u00ed u\u017e funk\u010dn\u00ed dou\u010dovac\u00ed krou\u017eky nebo krou\u017eky \u010de\u0161tiny, jako je t\u0159eba Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed a mate\u0159sk\u00e1 \u0161kola Ly\u010dkovo n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed v Praze 8, se st\u00e1valo, \u017ee d\u011bti odjely do sv\u00e9 domovsk\u00e9 zem\u011b, proto\u017ee tam byla aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed epidemick\u00e1 situace lep\u0161\u00ed, tak\u017ee odjely jakoby do bezpe\u010d\u00ed, ale t\u00edm naprosto vypadly z toho bilingvn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 i jejich schopnost zapojov\u00e1n\u00ed se do online v\u00fduky v \u010de\u0161tin\u011b se rapidn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eila. Takov\u00e9 d\u011bti pat\u0159\u00ed \u010dasto do skupin d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 z\u016fstaly mimo syst\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. A i kdy\u017e jejich \u0161kola m\u011bla dob\u0159e rozb\u011bhnut\u00fd syst\u00e9m vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto \u017e\u00e1k\u016f, tak mohlo doj\u00edt k poklesu aktivn\u00ed znalosti \u010de\u0161tiny po dobu pandemie, co\u017e je fat\u00e1ln\u00ed, proto\u017ee t\u00edm se jejich v\u00fduka a doh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed znalosti \u010de\u0161tiny, ale i jin\u00fdch dovednost\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b zpomalila. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 t\u00edm, \u017ee tyto d\u011bti z\u016fstaly mimo kolektiv, p\u0159i\u0161ly i o mo\u017enost \u017eiv\u00e9ho kontaktu s \u010de\u0161tinou ve \u0161koln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co se aktu\u00e1ln\u011b d\u00e1 d\u011blat, aby tyto d\u011bti v\u0161echny pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 znalosti rychle dohnaly?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Za prv\u00e9 se mus\u00edme co nejrychleji vr\u00e1tit k dobr\u00e9 praxi tam, kde byla, a roz\u0161i\u0159ovat ji a sd\u00edlet i na dal\u0161\u00ed \u0161koly v r\u00e1mci Prahy. T\u00edm druh\u00fdm bodem by m\u011bly b\u00fdt dou\u010dovac\u00ed programy. Tak jak se rychle zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed dou\u010dovac\u00ed programy financovan\u00e9 ministerstvem \u0161kolstv\u00ed a N\u00e1rodn\u00edm pl\u00e1nem obnovy, tak by m\u011bla existovat i speci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzva pro \u017e\u00e1ky s odli\u0161n\u00fdm mate\u0159sk\u00fdm jazykem, aby se tito \u017e\u00e1ci rychle navr\u00e1tili do syst\u00e9mu. P\u0159\u00edslibem je v tomto p\u0159ipravovan\u00fd opera\u010dn\u00ed program Jan \u00c1mos Komensk\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak dlouho potrv\u00e1 t\u011bmto d\u011btem doh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed ztracen\u00fdch znalost\u00ed?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

To je ot\u00e1zka, kterou bychom si r\u00e1di polo\u017eili jako v\u00fdzkumnou ot\u00e1zku do budoucna. Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na mnoha faktorech, jako rodinn\u00e9 z\u00e1zem\u00ed a podobn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, ale pokud m\u00e1m \u0159\u00edct konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed dobu, a tak\u00e9 za podm\u00ednky, \u017ee vznikne podp\u016frn\u00fd syst\u00e9m, bav\u00edme se zhruba o roce.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Photo by Julia M Cameron<\/a><\/strong> from Pexels<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jedn\u00edm z t\u00e9mat, kter\u00e9 rezonovalo v r\u00e1mci Evropsk\u00e9ho dne jazyk\u016f v Kampusu Hybernsk\u00e1, byla i v\u00fduka \u017e\u00e1k\u016f s odli\u0161n\u00fdm mate\u0159sk\u00fdm jazykem (OMJ). Tito \u017e\u00e1ci mnohdy p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed do \u0161kol s velmi malou znalost\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho jazyka, s vylep\u0161en\u00edm […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":3098,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,27,82,38],"tags":[2,3,8,4],"class_list":["post-3263","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktualne-ze-skolstvi","category-budoucnost-skolstvi","category-rozhovory-s-uciteli","category-vysoke-skoly","tag-dulezite","tag-reditel","tag-rodic-zak","tag-ucitel"],"acf":[],"gutentor_comment":0,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3263","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3263"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3263\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3281,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3263\/revisions\/3281"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3098"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3263"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3263"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska-backup.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3263"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}